purposes intertwine. From his polemical concerns (i.e., the content of the false teaching) arises John’s pastoral counsel (i.e., his corrective message). For example, to the impostors’ “gospel” that is contrary to what the Ephesians received (see Gal. 1:9), John upheld the necessity of belief in Jesus’ incarnation and obedience to his commandments, especially that of brotherly love. True Christian disciples “live in the light ([1 John] 1:5–2:29) as children of God (3:1–5:13).”6 Following many commentators
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